India's business visa crackdown
India's business visa crackdown
Date: Wednesday, November 04, 2009 2:25 PM
<<<<< JOB DESTRUCTION NEWSLETTER No. 2073 -- 11/04/2009 >>>>>
blog version of newsletter
http://blog.vdare.com/archives/2009/11/04/indias-business-visa-crackdown/
Lots of stories and speculations are circulating about India's crackdown on
business visas. In many cases H-1B activists are incorrectly concluding that
this is an example of India's restrictive policies on employment visas, and
then drawing parallels to our generous H-1B program. A closer examination of
India's nonimmigrant visa programs indicates that the current issue has more
to do with illegal immigration of Chinese into India.
The controversy in India began when violence broke out between Chinese
contractors working in India and Indian nationalists who believe they should
get the jobs. Some of the media in India are referring to the incidents as
"xenophobic altercations". Apparently the Indian press operates just like the
New York Times or the Washington Post.
The best description I have read about what occurred is in OutlookIndia (see
below).
Many of the Chinese came into India with fraudulent business visas. They were
able to get away with it because India has been very lax in enforcing the
rules (sound familiar?). In order to fix the problem India took the very
draconian step of ordering every foreigner on business visas to go back to
their home country to reapply for the visa.
Paradoxically the Indians aren't complaining that the Chinese illegal aliens
make too much money -- instead they complain that the Chinese workers are
making too much! Indian locals claim that the Chinese work in luxurious work
compounds and that domestic workers get Rs 87 a day compared to Chinese co-
workers who get up to Rs 1,700 a day. That's quite a pay disparity!
According to the OutlookIndia article, Indian locals say that, "hordes of
unskilled/semi-skilled imports from China are taking jobs from the unemployed
Indian." One estimate put the total number of skilled and unskilled workers in
India at around 25,000. To keep things in perspective, the United States
allows about 125,000 foreign workers into the U.S. each month, and 1.5 million
every year. Currently there are about 800,000 H-1Bs in the U.S.
So, India with a population four times bigger than that of the U.S.
complains about a foreign worker population that is about .002% of its total
population, compared to the U.S. who allows about 0.5% of it's population to
enter its country every year. Put another way, the U.S. is more than 250 times
more tolerant to foreign workers as a percentage of its population than India
(I say "more than 250" since mobs of angry Americans haven't attacked H-1Bs
yet).
Many people are coming to false conclusions about the fiasco in India because
they are confusing business visas with employment visas. This is a description
of the two visas according to the Indian Consulate in San
Francisco:
http://www.indiavisa.in/india-visa-san-francisco.html
BUSINESS VISA:
Valid for 6 months/one year with multiple entries. A letter (on company
letterhead) from Sponsoring Organization indicating the nature of applicant's
business, probable duration of stay, places and organizations to be visited
incorporating therein a guarantee to meet maintenance expenses, etc. should
accompany the application. ii) Long term Business Visa for ten years (multiple
entries) in case of US Citizens and five years (multiple entries) for other
nationals are available only to those who have set up industrial/business
joint ventures in India. This fact, along with the details of joint venture in
India must be mentioned in the sponsorship letter.
EMPLOYMENT VISA:
Employment Visa are initially issued for one year stay subject to
fulfillment of certain conditions. This can be extended by Foreigners Regional
Registration Office in India, if the job contract continues.
Spouses and children will get coterminus Visa.
India's visa system has similarities with the U.S. but making direct
comparisons is tricky to do. The business visa closely resembles our B-1 visa.
It's interesting to note that India's business visa is very short term for all
workers unless they are there to set up outsourcing facilities. They give
special preference to "US citizens", which makes sense since this nation seems
to be so eager to move industries to India.
The employment visa is similar to our entire H visa program (H-1B, H-2B,
etc.) but keep in mind that very few foreign workers are given that visa in
comparison to the much more generous U.S. nonimmigrant system.
So, now that we understand the visas, let's get back to the Chinese problem in
India.
The Chinese are causing big problems in India because so many of the workers
came from China illegally -- they are in complete violation of Indian visa
guidelines. The Chinese should have applied for employment visas but they
didn't because most of them would have been denied. The Chinese knew the
employment visas wouldn't be granted so they gamed the system by using
business visas. This is not unlike some of the B visa scandals that have
occurred in the U.S. (like the car workers from Poland) with one major
difference -- Indians aren't going to put up with it any longer.
The OutlookIndia article raises an interesting question, and the answer may be
considered very nationalistic by our standards. Personally I think Rajan makes
a point that's just as true in the U.S. as it is in India.
This brings up the hotly contested question: are all Chinese workers
here "engineers" and "technicians" with skills irreplaceable by
Indians? Speaking at a meet in China, Indian ambassador
S. Jaishankar said he couldn t recall any projects requiring "such
large manpower support from home" and urged the Chinese to think of
an "India-specific approach".
But is international labour mobility something to be be shunned?
Not at the cost of resentment at home, says Rajan. "At no point
should the locals feel that outsiders are taking away their
jobs," he says.
LINKS:
http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/features/the-sunday-et/economy/Home-ministry-clears-confusion-on-employment-visa-norms/articleshow/5184867.cms
Home ministry clears confusion on employment visa norms
http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/News/News-By-Industry/Services/Travel/Visa-Power/India-insists-on-employment-visas-for-foreigners/articleshow/516364
7.cms?curpg=2
India insists on employment visas for foreigners
http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Visa-issue-hits-Russians-too/articleshow/5139615.cms
Visa issue hits Russians too
http://www.outlookindia.com/article.aspx?262533
With Chinese contracts come illegal Chinese workers, swamping the worksites
http://express.jharkhand.org.in/2009/05/mob-attack-on-chinese-workers-in-bokaro.html
Mob attack on Chinese workers in Bokaro
http://archive.newsmax.com/archives/articles/2003/7/29/180447.shtml
Worshipping the Golden CAFTA
+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/features/the-sunday-et/economy/Home-ministry-clears-confusion-on-employment-visa-norms/articleshow/5184867.cms
Home ministry clears confusion on employment visa norms
1 Nov 2009, 1232 hrs IST, Ishani Duttagupta, ET Bureau NEW DELHI: Setting at
rest the confusion over a recent directive that all foreign nationals holding
business visas and working on projects in India have to return to their home
countries post their visa period or by October 31 2009, whichever earlier, the
ministry of home affairs has issued a clarification demarking business and
employment visas.
While the business visa will be granted to foreign nationals who wants to
visit India to establish an industrial/business venture or to explore
possibilities to set up an industrial/business venture, or who want to
purchase/sell industrial products in India; the employment visa will be
given to skilled and qualified foreigners desiring to come to India for
purpose of employment.
The strictures by the Indian government are being seen as a move to stop the
entry of hundreds of low skilled Chinese workers into the country.
The fact that business and employment visas can be issued from the country of
domicile of the foreigner provided that the period of permanent residence in
that country is for more than two years has come as a big relief. This is a
relaxation of the earlier announcement that applications had to be made from
the country of origin only.
Also Read
? India in visa clampdown on foreign workers ? Govt to take steps to stop
misuse of business visas: Tharoor ? Global recession sinks US H-1B visa
programme ? Government issues FAQs on work related visa for foreigners
Foreign experts on a visit of short duration in connection with an ongoing
project to monitor the progress of the work or to conduct short meetings with
customers will be eligible for business visas, while foreigners who come to
India on short visits to customer locations to repair any plant or machinery
as part of warranty or maintenance contracts will be eligible for employment
visas.
Amitabh Singh, partner at global consultancy Ernst & Young, said that the
earlier circulars had failed to dwell in detail business and work-related
activities, and hence confusion prevailed over which visa was needed to
certain activities.
+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/News/News-By-Industry/Services/Travel/Visa-Power/India-insists-on-employment-visas-for-foreigners/articleshow/516364
7.cms?curpg=2
India insists on employment visas for foreigners
26 Oct 2009, 1600 hrs IST, Karishma Julka, All foreign nationals holding
business visa and working on projects or contracts in India should return to
their home countries on expiry of their visas or by 31 October 2009, whichever
is earlier.
Indian Consulates and High Commissions will be issuing business visa only to
those who suffice set guidelines issued in August 2009 by the Ministry of
Commerce and Industry. Going forward, foreign nationals working on projects/
contracts will have to obtain an employment visa before they come to India.
The Indian Consulates across the world have been given instructions not to
grant business visas to foreign nationals coming to work on projects or
contracts in India, and special care is to be taken in case the foreign
national was issued a business visa in some other country.
Restricting the nature of activities eligible for business visa, the Ministry
had further issued an advisory on September 25, 2009 stating that the business
visas will only be issued where there is a 'bonafide business purpose' and the
conditions provided in the guidelines are satisfied.
Establish an industrial/business venture; explore possibilities to set up
industrial business ventures; and purchase/sell industrial products in India
are the activities specifically listed under business activities.
Also Read
? Foreigners require employment visas to work in India ? India to ask US for
more H-1B visas ? US workers, immigrants unite against work visa program ?
Emigration Act to be amended to protect workers overseas
However, there still remains ambiguity on how the term 'bonafide business
purposes' will be interpreted by the Indian Consulates and High Commissions
while disposing business visa applications. For instance, will a foreign
national coming to India only for the purposes of imparting training or attend
a board meeting or to do a quality review of product will be treated as
bonafide business purposes and hence, qualify for a business visa?
The guidelines require strict adherence to the visa manual for grant of
employment visa, which states that the prime condition to be fulfilled for
grant of an employment visa is that the foreign national is a skilled and
qualified professional or is a person who is being engaged or appointed by an
entity in India, or on a contract or employment at a senior level, such as
senior executive, or a skilled person in a technical role or a managerial
position.
Further, employment visas will not be granted in respect of jobs for which a
large number of qualified Indians are available or for jobs which are routine,
ordinary or secretarial/clerical in nature.
In addition, specific procedures have been laid down for Chinese nationals
applying for an employment visa to work in India. Chinese nationals are
required to furnish additional details in respect of their educational
qualification, their present job and the nature of job proposed to be
performed in India in the application/proforma required to be submitted to the
Indian Missions/Posts in China. The guidelines also provide the relevant
timelines to be met by the various authorities within the Indian Government,
including the Indian Embassies and Consulates, the Ministry of Home Affairs
and the Ministry of Labour.
Although the motive of issuing these guidelines is in the interest of huge
unskilled and semi-skilled workers in India and to allow only highly skilled
foreign nationals to work in India, it may cause some hardship to the
companies who have foreign nationals working for them on business visas in
India. Companies will have to incur additional costs in sending the foreign
nationals (currently working in India) to their home countries and to apply
for employment visas, so that they can return to India to complete the pending
projects.
This may severally delay projects with tight timelines, more specifically
Engeering Procurment and Construction contracts, projects involving
construction of new plants or expansion of existing plants / projects, oil
rigs and so on. The onus on the companies has also been accentuated by way of
making them responsible for the conduct of foreign nationals during their stay
in India and also for departure of such foreign nationals upon expiry of visa.
Additionally, the change from business visa to employment visas will not only
require additional paper work and documentation, there could also be
significant ramification from income tax and provident fund perspective.
Hence, the employers may have to factor in additional costs related to income
tax and provident fund implications before sending a foreign national to work
in India.
The World Bank report 'Doing Business 2010' has placed India at 133 ranking,
much below Pakistan, Nepal and most of the African countries, indicating that
the business environment in the country has become tougher during the year as
compared to other nations. One can only hope that the 'Project no business
visa' does not deteriorate India's ranking in the coming year.
+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Visa-issue-hits-Russians-too/articleshow/5139615.cms
Visa issue hits Russians too
Indrani Bagchi, TNN 19 October 2009, 09:23pm IST NEW DELHI: A fallout of the
misuse of business visas by Chinese workers may affect some defence and
nuclear projects by Russian companies in India, prompting the government to
expedite the process of a visa regime review.
The Russian government, suddenly hit by the prospective exodus of its people
from India has held a couple of meetings with the foreign ministry to sort out
the imminent mess.
The matter will now be raised by Russian foreign minister Sergei Lavrov when
he meets foreign minister SM Krishna in Moscow later this week.
By October 31, the Indian government has given marching orders to those who
are employed here on business visas. This will affect some 25,000 Chinese
workers, and some 700-1,000 Russians, Americans, Germans, British, all of whom
are working in India by circumventing India's lazy visa systems.
The Chinese government was alerted in March to the fact that most of their
workers were the semi-skilled variety who should never have come on business
visas. Most countries, being well aware of India's all-bark-no-bite regime,
did little. The problem was then seen to be much bigger. And now the
government has finally struck.
The home and foreign ministries are now working overtime to find a solution
before crucial projects in India's infrastructure, defence and nuclear sectors
grind to a standstill. The laws will not be changed, but officials indicated
that a mix of efficiency and smart issuances might tide over the problem for
the time being. Basically, it means highly skilled workers will get quicker
employment visas while semi-skilled workers may no longer be allowed in.
Of course, none of this would have come to light if a group of Chinese workers
did not get into a fight with Indian locals in Jharkhand. That prompted a
Parliament question and a search that opened a can of worms.
At the heart of the problem is the fact that issuing norms for an Indian
employment visa were drafted in the days when India had virtually no contact
with the world. These visas took almost a year in coming, which was ok then,
because few people wanted to come her to work.
But in the 21st century, an Indian work visa took exactly the same time,
though India's economy had undergone a massive transformation. But India
remained unfriendly to foreign skilled workers which India needs, desperately.
Moreoevr, as an immigration official explained, a work visa has a limit of six
months and requires constant monitoring by the employer. "Business visas are
easier to get and can be issued for up to one year and can be extended by
another six months," said the official. This meant projects that had to be
executed quickly saw officials -- even on the Indian side -- circumventing the
rules to issue business visas instead of work visas.
+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
http://www.outlookindia.com/article.aspx?262533
EXCLUSIVE labour chinese workers
The Long March
With Chinese contracts come illegal Chinese workers, swamping the worksites
Debarshi Dasgupta
* The Issue Import of thousands of Chinese unskilled, semi-skilled workers
who have taken jobs away from many Indians.
* Why Now Chinese firms have won numerous contracts in India. They have
flown in their workers for various reasons, including linguistic compatibility
and reducing unemployment back home.
* What They Do Since most of these companies are building power plants and
steel factories, the unskilled and semi-skilled workers include carpenters,
welders, masons, drivers etc.
* Is It Legal Import of any unskilled and semi-skilled labour is
prohibited. Most
of them are here on illegal business visas. Even if skilled workers
come on business visas, it does not allow them to be employed.
Total Chinese workers 25,000
Our Workers
* Paid minimum wage, takes home Rs 87 per day after deductions
* Have no uniforms
* Enjoy no added benefits
* Considered not equally "efficient"
* Speak no English or Mandarin
Their Workers
* Chinese co-worker said to earn Rs 1,700 a day
* Have uniforms with bright colours
* Live in AC barracks with Chinese food and TV
* "Dedicated" and "deadline-oriented"
* Speak no Hindi or English
Where The Chinese Are Working
It s after sundown in Chandankiyari, a village near Bokaro in Jharkhand, and
the only sound audible is of howling hyenas in the distance. But strain the
ears and you catch snatches of a foreign movie playing. The film, strangely,
is in Mandarin and it s for the benefit of the hundreds of Chinese workers
here at the site for a steel plant. Watching one of their movies on the big
screen is a relaxing way to end the day.
They are not alone. Across the country, several thousands of Chinese workers
are at work on infrastructure projects bagged by Chinese contractors. But the
arrangement is not without controversy -- the hordes of unskilled/semi-skilled
imports from China are taking jobs from the unemployed Indian. One estimate
put their total number -- skilled and unskilled together -- at around 25,000.
Things have come to a head of late
-- at least three instances of xenophobic violence have been reported between
Indian and Chinese workers in less than a year. Differences arise notably out
of language problems and the "obscene" pay disparities -- domestic workers get
Rs 87 a day while a Chinese co-worker, according to one account from an Indian
worker, gets Rs 1,700 a day. Things get that much more tricky because these
workers are here in complete violation of Indian visa guidelines which
prohibit entry of such labour.
As an EIL worker put it, "About 25% of the Chinese are manual
workers...not much to learn from them."
The upcoming steel factory in Chandankiyari for the Calcutta-based
Electrosteel Integrated Limited (EIL) clearly illustrates the problem. The
Indian firm has contracted the construction to two Chinese firms: China First
Metallurgical Construction Company and 23rd Metallurgical Construction
Company. With a contract valued at over Rs 11,000 crore, the plant will be
spread over 2,500 acres and is expected to be completed in June 2010.
Construction began in March this year. Working at breakneck speed to achieve
this ambitious deadline, around 500 Chinese engineers and workers are
currently at the site along with 3,000 Indian workers. Their presence has come
down from about 1,200 earlier this year after Indian authorities cracked down
on illegal foreign workers.
What has caught the government unawares is that almost all of these illegal
personnel were here on business visas -- explicitly meant for skilled people
here on short-term visits who will not take up employment. This raises two
worrying possibilities. The first: the Chinese are regularly passing off semi-
skilled labour as skilled to bypass Indian regulations. The second: the Indian
visa-issuing authorities in Beijing have been slipshod with their work.
Alka Acharya, associate professor of Chinese studies at Delhi s Jawaharlal
Nehru University, asks, "The Chinese may be bringing in unskilled labour as
skilled. But is there an agency that verifies how exactly the visa is issued
and what information is sought from agencies and workers?" Waking up to the
problem, Union home minister P. Chidambaram said recently that no visas will
be issued to Chinese unskilled and semi-skilled workers. Acharya adds, "What
the government is doing at stage five today should have been done long back,
at stage one." A peeved labour ministry has also made it clear that visa
guidelines must be respected (see interview). Trade union leaders aren t
pleased either. G. Sanjeeva Reddy, Rajya Sabha member and president of the
Indian National Trade Union Congress, says, "This creates a labour surplus
when there are already so many unemployed, semi-skilled Indians. We need to
act, focus on organising migration from states where there is a skilled labour
surplus."
When Outlook visited Chandankiyari, nearly all the Chinese workers seemed
engaged in "semi-skilled" activities related to construction like bending and
cutting iron rods, sawing wooden planks, driving and erecting foundations for
tall structures. But plant director R.S. Singh maintained they were "skilled
technicians of high quality". "They may be carpenters but they have special
skills suited to build plants," he says. That said, of the 500 stationed here,
only 150 now have job visas. Given India s troubled relationship with China,
they find it difficult and time-consuming to get employment visas as it
requires clearance from the ministry of home affairs.
Meanwhile, at the work site, there are further complications. Almost nobody
among the Chinese workers speak Hindi or English and the few English-speaking
interpreters are hardly at hand. Communication is mostly through gestures.
"They just point forcefully in a direction when they want us to work," says an
Indian worker. "Often we end up bringing rods when they want us to bring
pipes."
Meal time at the Chinese quarters
The Chinese presence has also generated tension among those who had given up
land for the factory -- but have not got jobs in return. Abul Ansari, member
of the Jharkhand Raiyat (land-givers) Sangharsh Samiti, says, "Much of the
work the Chinese do can be done by us, like that of carpenters and welders."
Group members and villagers from nearby Chandaha can often be seen protesting
outside the plant, but if you believe R.S. Singh it s this year s drought that
has "created the additional unemployment".
Inside the plant too, work has not been incident-free. In May this year,
violence flared up after one of the Indian workers was sacked for being
absent. Police had to be called in but not before workers from both sides
suffered injuries. Xenophobic altercations have also been reported from
Bengal, including one in March this year at the Durgapur Projects Limited
plant after Indian workers questioned the Chinese technical experts on site.
As an EIL worker put it, "About 25 per cent of them are manual workers like
us. There s not much to learn from them." The Indian workers requested
anonymity for fear of retribution. The Chinese officials, on the other hand,
refused to speak to us, even after an interpreter had been arranged.
However, Outlook did gain access into the Chinese walled residential compound.
Built like a military base, it had air-conditioned barracks and amenities like
a basketball court, a Chinese canteen and cable TV, among other facilities the
Indian workers couldn t possibly dream of. As an Indian worker put it, "The
Chinese get rum bottles, water bottles and we don t even have a tubewell." The
compound is constantly guarded given the tensions with the locals.
Clearly, the Chinese, despite being famous for cheap products, do not come
cheap. But the Indian management isn t complaining. R.S. Singh refused to
divulge financial details but says the Chinese are very "cost-effective".
"They ll set up this plant in 15 months whereas a plant of a similar nature
would take an Indian enterprise eight years," he says. D.S. Rajan, director,
Centre for China Studies, Chennai, agrees on that point. "They behave very
well collectively with an inclination to complete projects in time. Indians
tend to be more individualistic."
A Chinese supervisor in his quarters
While the Chinese firms may feel the need for workers from home, given
linguistic and cultural compatibility, what may be the real driver is their
government s "Go Abroad" policy. With high unemployment in China, the state
financially assists Chinese firms in expanding worldwide so as to provide
employment to its nationals. Of late, Indian enterprises also often prefer
them because of the "complex and restrictive" labour laws Indian workers are
governed by.
Chinese workers now work for private and government projects -- on the one
hand it s projects for Reliance Industries and Adani Group while on the other
it s government power projects in Bengal. The Delhi International Airport
Limited (DIAL) has 56 of them working on a "glass curtain wall". A DIAL
spokesman did not comment on why they had made an additional request for 140
Chinese workers earlier this year (a request the government shot down). And
the Chinese force working on a road in Himachal Pradesh was recently trimmed
from 80 to an "essential" ten. This brings up the hotly contested question:
are all Chinese workers here "engineers" and "technicians" with skills
irreplaceable by Indians? Speaking at a meet in China, Indian ambassador S.
Jaishankar said he couldn t recall any projects requiring "such large manpower
support from home" and urged the Chinese to think of an "India-specific
approach".
But is international labour mobility something to be be shunned? Not at the
cost of resentment at home, says Rajan. "At no point should the locals feel
that outsiders are taking away their jobs," he says. To get there, Gautam
Mody, secretary of the Delhi-based New Trade Union Initiative (NTUI), insists
on three things: registration of agencies, clear classification of skills that
need to be imported and certification of those skills. Given our controversial
experience with Chinese workers, India is nowhere near establishing those
three.
By Debarshi Dasgupta in Bokaro; Photographs by Jitender Gupta
+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
http://express.jharkhand.org.in/2009/05/mob-attack-on-chinese-workers-in-bokaro.html
Mob attack on Chinese workers in Bokaro
Bokaro, May 12 / The Telegraph: Local villagers fought a pitched battle with
Chinese workers of an upcoming steel plant near here over a labour dispute
forcing the Chas administration to send in policemen and senior officials to
bring the situation under control.
There are 600 Chinese in the 1,800-strong workforce of Electrosteel Casting
Limited (ECL), which is setting up a 3MTPA steel plant at Parbatpur, about
35km from Bokaro, set to begin production from 2011. MS Limited, a Chinese
firm, is involved in the project after bagging a global tender floated by ECL,
a Calcutta-based company.
Today's daylong violence left four persons injured, including plant supervisor
Su-Su Chiang, workers Chintu Singh and Haren Hajra and another unidentified
person. The clash spurred an eight-hour road blockade in Telgaria-Chas and
prompted Chinese workers to SOS the embassy in New Delhi, seeking protection.
Trouble began yesterday when ECL officials sent back a worker, M. Rajwar, for
allegedly remaining absent from work for five days. This triggered angry
arguments between a group of workers and Chinese officials. Later in the day,
the ECL management filed an FIR against five employees, including Rajwar, for
indiscipline that it said could disrupt the ambitious project.
The news of an FIR being lodged added fuel to fire. A few hundred villagers
today trooped to the Parbatpur site and began attacking Chinese workers, who
retaliated. The clash continued for three hours, leaving four seriously
injured. They have been admitted to a nursing home in Chas.
Agitating workers blocked the highway connecting Telgaria and Chas demanding
that the Chinese workers be asked to leave Bokaro. The blockade was lifted
after the local administration intervened.
The Chinese were sent to their camp residences amid tight security. A senior
supervisor working for ECL, S. Wang, told that local workers instigated the
fight. "We had had no option but to retaliate," he said.
Sub-divisional officer of Chas Manoj Kumar said that both sides were
responsible for the violence. ECL security officer Sanjay Kumar, however,
blamed the locals.
Another Chinese official, unwilling to be identified, said they had come here
to complete the project within the stipulated time of 18 months, but locals
were creating trouble.
The public website of Bokaro District | http://bokaro.jharkhand.org.in
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